The BOEMRE has an active program to fund and conduct Arctic oil spill research and development (R&D) projects. This includes oil spills that may occur on top of or underneath solid, stable ice, in broken ice, or in cold open waters. In most areas of the world, the greatest need is to develop operational tools to detect and map oil in any ice type and to develop effective response options to spilled oil in moving, broken pack ice. R&D projects currently underway focuses on four types of response technologies: remote sensing and surveillance, mechanical response, chemical treating agents including dispersants and in-situ burning. This research includes conducting operational research experiments with oil in small and large test tanks, at sea, and in ice to demonstrate and improve many different types of oil spill response technologies and methodologies. From 1997 through 2008, BOEMRE successfully developed, implemented and conducted thirty-one projects directly related to Arctic oil spill response. More than 40% of these project were jointly funded with state and federal government agencies, academia, private industry and foreign governments.